GitLab

Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library designed to facilitate the development of reinforcement learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are defined in AI research study, making released research study more easily reproducible [24] [144] while providing users with an easy interface for communicating with these environments. In 2022, brand-new advancements of Gym have been transferred to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146]
Gym Retro

Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for support learning (RL) research on video games [147] utilizing RL algorithms and research study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on enhancing agents to fix single tasks. Gym Retro gives the ability to generalize in between video games with comparable ideas but different looks.

RoboSumo

Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robot agents at first lack understanding of how to even walk, but are offered the goals of learning to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing process, the agents discover how to adapt to altering conditions. When a representative is then gotten rid of from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, suggesting it had learned how to balance in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition between agents might create an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's capability to function even outside the context of the competition. [148]
OpenAI 5

OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five video game Dota 2, that learn to play against human gamers at a high skill level entirely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, the first public presentation occurred at The International 2017, the yearly premiere champion competition for the game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for two weeks of genuine time, and that the application was a step in the direction of creating software application that can manage intricate tasks like a cosmetic surgeon. [152] [153] The system uses a form of reinforcement learning, as the bots find out with time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, systemcheck-wiki.de and are rewarded for actions such as eliminating an enemy and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156]
By June 2018, the capability of the bots expanded to play together as a complete team of 5, and they were able to defeat groups of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against expert players, but ended up losing both games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the ruling world champions of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibit match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' final public look came later that month, where they played in 42,729 overall video games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165]
OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot player reveals the obstacles of AI systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated making use of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) representatives to attain superhuman competence in Dota 2 matches. [166]
Dactyl

Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes machine discovering to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to control physical items. [167] It learns completely in simulation utilizing the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI tackled the things orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences rather than trying to fit to truth. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking cameras, also has RGB video cameras to permit the robot to control an arbitrary object by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system had the ability to control a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl could solve a Rubik's Cube. The robotic had the ability to fix the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present complicated physics that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by enhancing the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by using Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of producing gradually more hard environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to define randomization ranges. [169]
API

In June 2020, OpenAI revealed a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new AI designs developed by OpenAI" to let developers get in touch with it for "any English language AI job". [170] [171]
Text generation

The company has actually promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172]
OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")

The original paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language model was written by Alec Radford and his colleagues, and released in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative design of language might obtain world understanding and process long-range reliances by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.

GPT-2

Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language design and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with only minimal demonstrative versions initially launched to the general public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not right away released due to issue about possible misuse, consisting of applications for writing fake news. [174] Some specialists expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 posed a substantial hazard.

In response to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence reacted with a tool to find "neural fake news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the innovation to completely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete variation of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several sites host interactive demonstrations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180]
GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language designs to be general-purpose learners, highlighted by GPT-2 attaining state-of-the-art accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).

The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains somewhat 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain problems encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens. [181]
GPT-3

First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI stated that the full version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion parameters, [184] 2 orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million specifications were likewise trained). [186]
OpenAI stated that GPT-3 was successful at certain "meta-learning" tasks and could generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper provided examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184]
GPT-3 considerably improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language models could be approaching or experiencing the fundamental capability constraints of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand wiki.dulovic.tech petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not instantly released to the general public for issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month totally free private beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189]
On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed exclusively to Microsoft. [190] [191]
Codex

Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has in addition been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the AI powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in private beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the model can create working code in over a dozen shows languages, most effectively in Python. [192]
Several issues with problems, design defects and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196]
GitHub Copilot has actually been implicated of discharging copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197]
OpenAI announced that they would discontinue support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198]
GPT-4

On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the updated innovation passed a simulated law school bar exam with a rating around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could also read, examine or generate approximately 25,000 words of text, and compose code in all major programming languages. [200]
Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caution that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is also capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has actually declined to reveal various technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the exact size of the design. [203]
GPT-4o

On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and produce text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained advanced lead to voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting new records in audio speech recognition and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) criteria compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized variation of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be especially beneficial for enterprises, start-ups and designers looking for to automate services with AI representatives. [208]
o1

On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have actually been developed to take more time to consider their reactions, leading to greater precision. These models are particularly reliable in science, coding, and reasoning jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Staff member. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211]
o3

On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the successor of the o1 thinking model. OpenAI likewise unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and faster version of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, security and security scientists had the chance to obtain early access to these models. [214] The model is called o3 instead of o2 to prevent confusion with telecoms companies O2. [215]
Deep research study

Deep research is a representative established by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform comprehensive web surfing, information analysis, and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools enabled, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) criteria. [120]
Image category

CLIP

Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to examine the semantic similarity between text and disgaeawiki.info images. It can notably be utilized for image category. [217]
Text-to-image

DALL-E

Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that produces images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to analyze natural language inputs (such as "a green leather purse formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and produce matching images. It can produce images of reasonable objects ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") along with objects that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.

DALL-E 2

In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an updated variation of the model with more reasonable outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software for Point-E, a brand-new primary system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220]
DALL-E 3

In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more effective design better able to create images from complicated descriptions without manual timely engineering and render complicated details like hands and text. [221] It was released to the public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222]
Text-to-video

Sora

Sora is a text-to-video model that can generate videos based upon short detailed triggers [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can produce videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The optimum length of created videos is unknown.

Sora's advancement group named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to signify its "limitless innovative potential". [223] Sora's technology is an adjustment of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image model. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos as well as copyrighted videos accredited for that function, but did not reveal the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223]
OpenAI showed some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, mentioning that it could generate videos approximately one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the methods utilized to train the model, and the design's abilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its drawbacks, consisting of struggles imitating complex physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the demonstration videos "outstanding", however kept in mind that they need to have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's normal output. [225]
Despite uncertainty from some scholastic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, noteworthy entertainment-industry figures have revealed considerable interest in the technology's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his awe at the technology's capability to generate sensible video from text descriptions, citing its potential to reinvent storytelling and material production. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had actually chosen to pause prepare for expanding his Atlanta-based film studio. [227]
Speech-to-text

Whisper

Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition model. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of diverse audio and is likewise a multi-task design that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment in addition to speech translation and language recognition. [229]
Music generation

MuseNet

Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can produce songs with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a tune created by MuseNet tends to start fairly but then fall under chaos the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, preliminary applications of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the web psychological thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233]
Jukebox

Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI specified the songs "reveal regional musical coherence [and] follow standard chord patterns" however acknowledged that the tunes do not have "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that duplicate" and that "there is a substantial space" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's technologically impressive, even if the results seem like mushy versions of songs that might feel familiar", while Business Insider specified "surprisingly, a few of the resulting tunes are catchy and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236]
Interface

Debate Game

In 2018, OpenAI introduced the Debate Game, which teaches devices to dispute toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such a technique might assist in auditing AI decisions and in developing explainable AI. [237] [238]
Microscope

Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every substantial layer and nerve cell of 8 neural network models which are often studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was developed to analyze the functions that form inside these neural networks quickly. The designs consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, different versions of Inception, and different versions of CLIP Resnet. [241]
ChatGPT

Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational user interface that allows users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then responds with a response within seconds.